mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G)
Last updated 25 Jul 2023
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The MT-TL1 gene provides instructions for making a molecule called a transfer RNA (tRNA), which is a chemical cousin of DNA. Transfer RNAs help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into functioning proteins. The MT-TL1 gene provides instructions for making a specific form of tRNA that is designated as tRNALeu(UUR). During protein assembly, this molecule attaches to the amino acid leucine (Leu) and inserts it into the appropriate locations in the growing protein.
Normal function
The MT-TL1 gene provides instructions for making a molecule called a transfer RNA (tRNA), which is a chemical cousin of DNA. Transfer RNAs help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into functioning proteins. The MT-TL1 gene provides instructions for making a specific form of tRNA that is designated as tRNALeu(UUR). During protein assembly, this molecule attaches to the amino acid leucine (Leu) and inserts it into the appropriate locations in the growing protein.
The tRNALeu(UUR) molecule is present in cellular structures called mitochondria. These structures convert energy from food into a form that cells can use. Within mitochondria, tRNALeu(UUR) is involved in the assembly of proteins that carry out a series of chemical steps called oxidative phosphorylation. This process uses oxygen, simple sugars, and fatty acids to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source.
In certain cells in the pancreas, called beta cells, mitochondria also play a role in controlling the amount of sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream. In response to high glucose levels, mitochondria help trigger the release of a hormone called insulin. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by controlling how much glucose is passed from the blood into cells to be converted into energy.
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
MTTL1
tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G)
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Further reading and references
- mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G); MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Betts J, Jaros E, Perry RH, Schaefer AM, Taylor RW, Abdel-All Z, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM. Molecular neuropathology of MELAS: level of heteroplasmy in individual neurones and evidence of extensive vascular involvement. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006 Aug;32(4):359-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00731.x.
- Brackmann F, Abicht A, Ahting U, Schroder R, Trollmann R. Classical MERRF phenotype associated with mitochondrial tRNA(Leu) (m.3243A>G) mutation. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 May;171(5):859-62. doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1662-8. Epub 2012 Jan 25.
- Chinnery PF, Howell N, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM. Molecular pathology of MELAS and MERRF. The relationship between mutation load and clinical phenotypes. Brain. 1997 Oct;120 ( Pt 10):1713-21. doi: 10.1093/brain/120.10.1713.
- Choi BO, Hwang JH, Cho EM, Jeong EH, Hyun YS, Jeon HJ, Seong KM, Cho NS, Chung KW. Mutational analysis of whole mitochondrial DNA in patients with MELAS and MERRF diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2010 Jun 30;42(6):446-55. doi: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.6.046.
- Kirino Y, Goto Y, Campos Y, Arenas J, Suzuki T. Specific correlation between the wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNAs and the clinical features of a human mitochondrial disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 17;102(20):7127-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500563102. Epub 2005 May 3.
- Liu K, Zhao H, Ji K, Yan C. MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome due to the m.3291T>C mutation. Metab Brain Dis. 2014 Mar;29(1):139-44. doi: 10.1007/s11011-013-9464-5. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
- Maassen JA, Jahangir Tafrechi RS, Janssen GM, Raap AK, Lemkes HH, 't Hart LM. New insights in the molecular pathogenesis of the maternally inherited diabetes and deafness syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;35(2):385-96, x-xi. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.014.
- Moraes CT, Ciacci F, Bonilla E, Jansen C, Hirano M, Rao N, Lovelace RE, Rowland LP, Schon EA, DiMauro S. Two novel pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting organelle number and protein synthesis. Is the tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene an etiologic hot spot? J Clin Invest. 1993 Dec;92(6):2906-15. doi: 10.1172/JCI116913.
- Murphy R, Turnbull DM, Walker M, Hattersley AT. Clinical features, diagnosis and management of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) associated with the 3243A>G mitochondrial point mutation. Diabet Med. 2008 Apr;25(4):383-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02359.x. Epub 2008 Feb 18.
- Opdal SH, Rognum TO, Torgersen H, Vege A. Mitochondrial DNA point mutations detected in four cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 1999 Sep;88(9):957-60. doi: 10.1080/08035259950168441.
- Palecek T, Tesarova M, Kuchynka P, Dytrych V, Elleder M, Hulkova H, Hansikova H, Honzik T, Zeman J, Linhart A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to the mitochondrial DNA mutation m.3303C>T diagnosed in an adult male. Int Heart J. 2012;53(6):383-7. doi: 10.1536/ihj.53.383.
- Sotiriou E, Coku J, Tanji K, Huang HB, Hirano M, DiMauro S. The m.3244G>A mutation in mtDNA is another cause of progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Neuromuscul Disord. 2009 Apr;19(4):297-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.01.014. Epub 2009 Mar 13.
- Yarham JW, Blakely EL, Alston CL, Roberts ME, Ealing J, Pal P, Turnbull DM, McFarland R, Taylor RW. The m.3291T>C mt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation is definitely pathogenic and causes multisystem mitochondrial disease. J Neurol Sci. 2013 Feb 15;325(1-2):165-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.12.003. Epub 2012 Dec 27.
- Yu Wai Man CY, Chinnery PF, Griffiths PG. Extraocular muscles have fundamentally distinct properties that make them selectively vulnerable to certain disorders. Neuromuscul Disord. 2005 Jan;15(1):17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.10.002. Epub 2004 Nov 26.
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