Lamivudin för HIV

About lamivudine

Lamivudine is an antiretroviral medicine. It is used mainly for infektion med humant immunbristvirus (HIV). It slows the progress of HIV infection, but it is not a cure. HIV destroys cells in the body, called CD4 T cells. These cells are a type of white blood cell and are important because they are involved in protecting your body from infection. If left untreated, the HIV infection weakens your immune system so that your body cannot defend itself against bacteria, viruses and other germs. Lamivudine slows down the progress of HIV infection by reducing the amount of virus in your body. It does this by stopping the virus from copying (replicating) itself.

Lamivudine will be prescribed for you by a doctor who is a specialist. It belongs to a group of antiretroviral medicines known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). It is given alongside a number of other antiretroviral medicines, as part of a combination therapy. Taking three or more antiretroviral medicines at the same time is more effective than taking one alone. Taking a combination of different medicines also reduces the risk that the virus will become resistant to any individual medicine. Some brands of lamivudine contain one or more other antiretroviral medicine (see the list in the table above) - these combination brands help to reduce the total number of tablets you need to take each day. Not all of the information in this leaflet applies to the combination brands, so please refer to the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside the pack for full details.

It is vital to take your antiretroviral medicines exactly as prescribed to maintain success and to help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. These medicines are usually taken for life.

Lamivudine is also prescribed for another viral infection - there is more information about this in a separate medicine leaflet called Lamivudin för hepatit B-infektion.

Before taking lamivudine

Some medicines are not suitable for people with certain conditions, and sometimes a medicine can only be used if extra care is taken. For these reasons, before you start taking lamivudine it is important that your doctor knows:

• Om du är gravid, försöker bli gravid eller ammar.

• If you have any problems with the way your liver works, or if you have problems with the way your kidneys work.

• Om du dricker mycket alkohol.

• Om du tar några andra läkemedel. Detta inkluderar alla läkemedel som kan köpas utan recept, samt växtbaserade och komplementära läkemedel.

• Om du någonsin har haft en allergisk reaktion mot en medicin.
  

How to take lamivudine

• Before you start the treatment, read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside your pack. It will give you more information about lamivudine, and it will also provide you with a full list of the side-effects which you could experience from taking it.

• Take lamivudine exactly as your doctor tells you to. You may be asked to take one or two doses each day. Adults will usually be prescribed tablets to take, whereas children are likely to be supplied with liquid medicine (Epivir® Oral Solution). Your doctor will tell you how much you should take for each dose. Your dose will also be printed on the label of the pack to remind you about what the doctor said to you.

• It is recommended that you swallow the tablet whole with a drink of water. If you are taking Epivir® or Combivir® and have difficulty swallowing the tablets, you can crush them and then add them to a drink or a small amount of soft food, providing you swallow it straightaway. Alternatively, let your doctor know you have difficulty swallowing the tablets, as the liquid medicine may be more suitable for you.

• Try to take lamivudine at the same time(s) each day, as this will help you to remember to take it regularly. You can take lamivudine either with or without food.

• If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember (unless it is nearly time for your next dose, in which case leave out the missed dose and take the next dose as normal). Do not take two doses together to make up for a forgotten dose.

Instructions for using the dosing syringe for Epivir® Oral Solution

1. Remove the bottle cap, and push the plastic adaptor into the top of the open bottle.

2. Make sure the plunger is fully pushed into the syringe, and then insert the tip of the syringe into the adapter.

3. Turn the bottle (with the syringe connected to it) upside down.

4. Pull out the plunger on the syringe to the mark which corresponds to your dose.

5. Turn the bottle the correct way up again, and remove the syringe from the bottle.

6. Put the tip of the syringe into your child's mouth (or if appropriate, your mouth), and gently push the plunger so that the liquid is released.

7. Repeat steps 2-6 if you have been told to use more than one syringeful.

8. Leaving the adapter in place, replace the bottle cap. Wash the syringe with water after each use.

Få ut det mesta av din behandling

• Keep your regular appointments with your doctor so that your progress can be monitored. You will need to have regular blood tests to check how well your medicines are working.

• It is important that you continue to take lamivudine and your other antiretroviral treatment regularly. This will help to prevent the HIV from becoming resistant to the medicines you are taking. Even if you miss only a small number of doses, the virus can become resistant to treatment.

• If you develop an infection soon after you start the treatment, let your doctor know. As a result of taking lamivudine, your immune system may start fighting an infection which was present before you started the treatment, but which you may not have been aware of.

• Följ noggrant alla råd från läkaren om livsstilsförändringar för att minska risken för skador på hjärtat och blodkärlen. Det kan till exempel innebära att sluta röka, äta hälsosamt och motionera regelbundet.

• Vissa personer som tar antiretrovirala läkemedel får förändrad fettfördelning i kroppen. Detta kan leda till förändringar i kroppsuppfattningen. Läkaren kommer att diskutera möjligheten till detta med dig.

• Även om behandling med antiretrovirala läkemedel kan minska risken för att du överför hiv till andra genom sexuell kontakt, eliminerar den inte risken. Det är viktigt att du använder kondom.

• It is not uncommon for people with HIV to feel low or even depressed, especially soon after the diagnosis has been made and treatment has been started. If you have any feelings of depression, or any distressing thoughts about harming yourself then you should speak with your doctor omedelbart.

• Lamivudine has been associated with a serious side-effect in some people who have taken it. This is known as lactic acidosis. It is a problem where there is too much lactic acid in the blood. The symptoms associated with it are listed in the next section 'Can lamivudine cause problems?'. If you develop any of the symptoms listed below, you must let your doctor know omedelbart, as they can worsen, and may even become life-threatening.

• Vissa personer som har tagit antiretrovirala läkemedel, särskilt under lång tid, har utvecklat ett tillstånd som kallas osteonekros. Det är en skelettsjukdom där benvävnad dör på grund av minskad blodtillförsel. Det leder till ledsmärta och stelhet och kan göra det svårt att röra sig. Kontakta läkare om du märker något av dessa symtom.

• If you buy any medicines, supplements or herbal remedies 'over the counter', check with a pharmacist that they are suitable to take with lamivudine and your other medicines. This is because some medicines interfere with antiretrovirals and can stop them from working properly.

• Om du ska genomgå en operation eller tandbehandling, informera den som utför behandlingen om vilka mediciner du tar.

• Treatment for HIV is usually lifelong. Continue to take lamivudine regularly, even if you feel well. This is to keep your immune system healthy.

Can lamivudine cause problems?

Along with their useful effects, most medicines can cause unwanted side-effects although not everyone experiences them. The table below contains some of the most common ones associated with lamivudine. You will find a full list in the manufacturer's information leaflet supplied with your medicine. You should, however, speak with your doctor if you develop any of the following side-effects. This is because some of the common side-effects of lamivudine are similar to the symptoms of lactic acidosis - a less common but more serious problem.

Your doctor will discuss with you the possibility of lactic acidosis occurring. Let your doctor know straightaway if you develop any of the following symptoms:

• Känna sig illamående (nausea) eller kräkas (vomiting), magont, aptitlöshet, viktminskning, känna sig svag eller yr, och snabb eller flämtande andning.

Om du upplever några andra symtom som du tror kan bero på medicinen, tala med din läkare eller apotekare för vidare råd.

How to store lamivudine

• Förvara alla läkemedel utom räckhåll och synhåll för barn.

• Förvara på en sval, torr plats, borta från direkt värme och ljus.

• Once a bottle of Epivir® Oral Solution has been opened it will keep for 30 days - after this time, make sure you have a fresh supply.

Viktig information om alla läkemedel